The importance of value-based leadership such as authentic, ethical, and servant leadership is inconspicuous. However, the benefits of these leadership approaches are often only explained through the behaviors of their followers. As such, limited research has communicated the leader’s motivation for pursuing such leadership behavior, resulting in such discourse to escape theorizing. We draw upon role theory and paid attention to the role of higher-level management (leadership) through the trickle-down model to underline their importance in the organization. We then expand (...) this role theory framework by synthesizing research to explain the emergence of value-based leadership behavior at the frontline of management. In doing so, we aim to provide a stronger explanation of the emergence of value-based leadership in organizations. We conclude this analysis by guiding future research in the form of propositions to investigate the psychological process and organizational factors to empirically examine the proposed role framework. (shrink)

This book discusses political change in the view of Confucian thought. This study focuses on the Book of Change, which is one of the nine basic books of Confucius School, and has dominated oriental thought in this field for more than three thousand years.

According to agency theory, agents base their economic decisions on self-interests when adverse selection conditions exist. However, cognitive moral development theory predicts that ethics/morals may influence decision-makers not to behave egoistically. Rutledge and Karim, 173-184) find both the moral reasoning level of the managers and an adverse selection condition affect a manager's project evaluation decisions significantly. Since prior studies have shown that national culture might influence the application of agency theory in project evaluation, this current study uses a different moral (...) development measurement to reexamine Rutledge and Karim's hypotheses in another culture. A total of 73 Taiwanese executive MBA students with an average of 12.17 years work experience participated in this study. We found that both moral development level and adverse selection conditions significantly affect managers' project continuance decisions. The interaction effect of these two factors indicates that, when adverse selection conditions exist, participants with a high level of moral development exhibit less of a tendency to continue an unprofitable project than those with a low level of moral development. With subjects from a different culture, our results confirm the findings of Rutldege and Karim. That is, the effects of moral development and adverse selection conditions on managers' project continuance decisions are robust and can be generalized to different cultures. Implications of the findings of this study to multinational firms are also discussed. (shrink)

According to agency theory, agents base their economic decisions on self-interests when adverse selection conditions exist. However, cognitive moral development theory predicts that ethics/morals may influence decision-makers not to behave egoistically. Rutledge and Karim (1999; Accounting, Organizations and Society 24(2), 173–184) find both the moral reasoning level of the managers and an adverse selection condition affect a manager’s project evaluation decisions significantly. Since prior studies have shown that national␣culture might influence the application of agency theory in project evaluation, this current (...) study uses a different moral development measurement to reexamine Rutledge and Karim’s hypotheses in another culture. A total of 73 Taiwanese executive MBA students with an average of 12.17 years work experience participated in this study. We found that both moral development level and adverse selection conditions significantly affect managers’ project continuance decisions. The interaction effect of these two factors indicates that, when adverse selection conditions exist, participants with a high level of moral development exhibit less of a tendency to continue an unprofitable project than those with a low level of moral development. With subjects from a different culture, our results confirm the findings of Rutldege and Karim. That is, the effects of moral development and adverse selection conditions on managers’ project continuance decisions are robust and can be generalized to different cultures. Implications of the findings of this study to multinational firms are also discussed. (shrink)

Delineation of the subthalamic nuclei on MRI is critical for deep brain stimulation surgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease. We propose this retrospective cohort study for quantitative analysis of MR signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, and signal difference-to-noise ratio of the STN on pre-operative three-dimensional stereotactic MRI in patients with medication-refractory PD. Forty-five consecutive patients with medication-refractory PD who underwent STN-DBS surgery in our hospital from January 2018 to June 2021 were included in this study. All patients had whole-brain 3D MRI, including (...) T2-weighted imaging, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and susceptibility-weighted imaging, at 3.0 T scanner for stereotactic navigation. The signal intensities of the STN, corona radiata, and background noise were obtained after placing regions of interest on corresponding structures. Quantitative comparisons of SNR, contrast, and SDNR of the STN between MR pulse sequences, including the T2WI, FLAIR, and SWI. Subgroup analysis regarding patients’ sex, age, and duration of treatment. We used one-way repeated measures analysis of variance for quantitative comparisons of SNR, contrast, and SDNR of the STN between different MR pulse sequences, and we also used the dependent t-test for the post hoc tests. In addition, we used Mann–Whitney U test for subgroup analyses. Both the contrast and SDNR were highest on FLAIR. The SNR was highest on SWI, and both the SNR and SDNR were lowest on T2WI. Subgroup analyses demonstrated significantly lower SDNR on SWI for patients receiving medication treatment for ≥13 years. In conclusion, on 3D stereotactic MRI of medication-refractory PD patients, the contrast and SDNR for the STN are highest on FLAIR, suggesting the optimal delineation of STN on FLAIR. (shrink)

In this book, Koo discusses political change in the view of Confucian thought. This study focuses on the Book of Change, which is one of the nine basic books of Confucius School; it has dominated oriental thought in this field for more than three thousand years. The aim of this study is to analyze and arrange its theory of change, and to apply it to political reality. Therefore, this book analyzes and summarizes the theories of change and applies those theories (...) to political change. From that process, the theories of political changes are developed. Their usefulness is tested in the real world and compared to the existing theories of political change. The result is to develop and present a new theory of political change. (shrink)

Climate change presents a fundamental challenge to the current global energy regime. Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the international community is developing the architecture of a policy response. Three serious flaws are examined: (a) the potential sacrifice of small island states, (b) the use of market-based policy measures to commodify the atmospheric commons, and (c) the substitution of carbon sequestration for meaningful reductions in energy use. The authors’ analysis of the politics of climate change, based on these issues, (...) suggests a new understanding of ecology is emerging—what they term postmodern ecology—in which a global environmental crisis is risked to secure the future of the world energy regime. An alternative, based on principles of sustainability and equity, is proposed that would require abandoning the global energy status quo. (shrink)

In the past decades, researchers of Cantonese treated the frequently used sentence-final particles (hereafter SFPs) wo3 (?, mid level tone) and bo3 (?, mid level tone) as variant forms, the former being the result of sound change from the latter (Kwok 1984, Luke 1990, Li 1995, Fang 2003). However, Leung (2010) argues that wo3 in the late 20th century performs the functions of realization, reminder, hearsay and contrast while the main function of bo3 is only to show contrast, thus they (...) are not entirely interchangeable. To explore the development of the two particles from the historical prospective, this paper attempts to examine them in Hong Kong Cantonese diachronically based on the spoken data of old Cantonese movies of 1940s and 1970s. (shrink)

EL LIBRO QUE PRESENTAMOS nace a partir de un proyecto de investigación y cooperación financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, Apoyo a la formación de formadores y de investigadores en educación en Centroamérica, en el campo de la Teoría de la Educación. El objetivo final del proyecto ha sido la creación de un Grupo Internacional de investigación en temas de Teoría de la Educación, formado por profesores de Facultades de Educación de Universidades centroamericanas y españolas. (...) Entre las numerosas tareas que se han encomendado a dicho grupo una de ellas ha sido la de elaborar un texto de Teoría de la Educación para uso de estudiantes de grado. Todos los miembros del grupo son profesores universitarios y, por lo mismo, se ven implicados en la necesidad de elaborar disciplinas académicas que presenten y organicen, de manera sistemática, campos de contenidos actualizados. Todos esos campos de conocimiento se refieren a problemas que la educación y la formación presentan y que la época histórica resalta como particularmente relevantes. Pero, también, cada uno de ellos matiza la consideración de esos problemas desde las necesidades de los colectivos humanos con los que se encuentra comprometido. Son esas necesidades las que proporcionan la perspectiva desde la que llevamos a cabo nuestros estudios e investigaciones que, a su vez, suponen el capital en base al cual cooperar con el grupo en la transferencia de conocimiento y de resultados desde un punto de vista global y, más particularmente, en la elaboración de este texto. De este modo, el grupo, y el texto que presentamos, ha quedado aglutinado desde el interés común por la investigación y la reflexión sobre las cuestiones que la formación de los seres humanos plantea en los diferentes contextos de actividad pedagógica en los que cada uno de ellos se ve profesional y académicamente envuelto. Desde cada uno de esos contextos, afloran preguntas que enriquecen la perspectiva global desde la que interpretar los fenómenos educativos. No tomar en consideración las sensibilidades que alimentan los contextos particulares de formación puede llevar a que el tópico de la globalidad, derivado de las nuevas formas de transferencia de información, potencialmente valiosas, induzca formas de exclusión, intelectual y socialmente perniciosas. Porque podría llevar a tratar de construir una teoría general sobre la educación en la que se marginan situaciones reales, historias formativas que, por quedar excluidas, parcializan la perspectiva general, desde la que la formación de los seres humanos debe ser interpretada, por responsabilidad cognitiva. Pero, también las urgencias reflexivas y prácticas locales pueden justificar dejar de lado problemas que empobrecen el horizonte intelectual de la investigación posible y el estudio posible. Dos de estas sensibilidades quedaron explícitas desde el principio en el seno del grupo y marcan el devenir del texto. La primera se ponía de manifiesto desde países latinoamericanos donde la lucha contra el analfabetismo, la elevación cultural de la población adulta, constituye un objetivo prioritario en vistas al desarrollo cultural y social de la población; desde ellos, la movilización cultural de la comunidad resaltaba la importancia de las políticas educativas denominadas informales y el poliformismo necesario de los sistemas de acreditación cultural. Ello implica, para la reflexión teórica global sobre la formación, que el concepto de educación informal adquiere una relevancia teórica que todavía no ha sido asumida suficientemente, aunque se haya generalizado el concepto de educación a lo largo de la vida. Así como la urgencia general de reconsiderar globalmente las formas de acreditación cultural y la necesidad de mecanismos flexibles de reincorporación a los sistemas formales. Globalmente se advierte la importancia del concepto de cultura sostenible, porque en todos los países se presentan graves problemas culturales, de una u otra naturaleza, que sobrepasan la capacidad de los sistemas formales, mostrando que la formación, en vistas al comportamiento participativo y responsable, debe ser asumida como compromiso de toda la Comunidad, como un carácter de la ciudadanía madura. Esto lleva a reinterpretar y expandir el propio concepto de políticas culturales y a expandir el concepto de gobernabilidad; porque la promoción de la calidad de vida de las comunidades no depende únicamente de las políticas económicas, dado que globalmente no pueden garantizar la calidad moral del compromiso ciudadano. La segunda sensibilidad se ponía de manifiesto desde los miembros del grupo que trabajan en entornos de discapacidad o en entornos vitales vulnerados: disminuidos físicos o mentales, sujetos que han padecido maltrato o condicionados por la enfermedad. Si la formación es un requerimiento vital de todos los seres humanos, ese requerimiento donde mejor refleja su urgencia es precisamenteen las situaciones en las que queda más aparente su vulneración; por limitaciones históricas, biológicas o sociales. Son esas situaciones las que muestran, descarnadamente, que la formación compromete el proceso general de la humanización posible de cada ser humano. Estas situaciones deben incorporarse a la perspectiva antropológica general sobre la educación, desde el principio y por principio. Son esas situaciones, también, las que ilustran, por principio, que el proceso de formación forma parte del género de las acciones humanitarias, cuya consideración es indispensable para un proceso de humanización sostenible. Y son esas situaciones, marginadas o escamoteadas en la reflexión global, y que, de una u otra manera, se entreveran en todos los grupos humanos, en todas las culturas, en todos los territorios, las que delatan los puntos críticos por los que la sensibilidad moral detecta los aspectos insostenibles de la cultura, porque desvelan la vulnerabilidad y la vulneración de la condición humana. Profundizar en las razones y en los argumentos que justifican en la condición humana la plasticidad, que hace posible la vida saludable, en sentido global y pleno, lleva a la mejor comprensión de las razones por las que la condición humana, las condiciones de humanidad de la vida de los seres humanos, es vulnerable y puede ser vulnerada. La reflexión teórica y práctica sobre la formación, sobre la educación, busca descubrir las condiciones reales, de posibilidad y de límite, en las que en cada caso el proceso de humanización es posible y el compromiso humanitario es realizable. La reflexión sobre la formación, que busca perfeccionar el comportamiento humano, no puede soslayar la realidad aparente y generalizada por la que muchos seres humanos endurecen su sensibilidad, generan el maltrato o se satisfacen con la maldad. Es esta globalidad de perspectiva por la que el Grupo de Investigación manifestó y manifiesta estar interesado; al ponerla de manifiesto, comprobó que para alimentarla racionalmente debía situarse en un contexto interdisciplinar. Comprobó que la necesidad de alimentarla era poco discutible; pero, también comprobó, al mismo tiempo, que el esfuerzo intelectual necesario para implementarla era enormemente exigente. Que, por responsabilidad cognitiva, el investigador de la educación debe fomentar la misma apertura, intelectualmente abierta, que fomenta en sus estudiantes cuando le propone formación integral. La investigación en teoría de la educación reclama profundizar tanto en los mecanismos y procesos implicados en las mentes que se forman; profundizar, depurar y actualizar los contenidos de la formación que se propone; profundizar, depurar y actualizar en la gestión de los escenarios sociales reales en los que la formación se promueve. Es abrumadora la tarea; pero, también es capaz de satisfacer la más exigente de las curiosidades intelectuales. Exige una actitud abierta para el estudio, aunque las exigencias metodológicas de la investigación requieran de precisión y especialización en los problemas. Acogidos estos objetivos para elaborar el texto, el Grupo de Investigación ha tomado conciencia de la pluralidad de las líneas de investigación en las que cada uno se encuentra comprometido y de la necesidad de la reconstrucción permanente de su personal perspectiva global, mediante el respeto y la consideración pluridisciplinar de las aportaciones de otros de cara a la elaboración del texto final que presentamos. Ha quedado patente en la reflexión colectiva del grupo que las urgencias de responsabilidad local y personal consumían tiempo de reflexión abundante y que, frecuentemente, las demandas de proximidad limitaban la perspectiva, incluso razonablemente. Al confrontar las perspectivas personales elaboradas desde posiciones locales y personales diferentes se pudo advertir que el macroscopio necesario para reflexionar la formación de los seres humanos, la perspectiva global desde la que considerar la formación de los seres humanos, ha de encontrarse en los formadores, en los investigadores de la educación, en permanente estado de construcción; precisamente por hacerse sensible a todas las formas de exclusión. El Grupo de Investigación se propuso iniciar su recorrido, planteándose, desde la pluralidad de perspectivas personales, y en el marco de una sensibilidad abierta hacia la globalidad de la necesidad de la formación para todos los seres humanos, no tratando de construir un tratado cerrado, sino un programa abierto aunque fuese incompleto. Inició su andadura haciendo preguntas. Todos los miembros del grupo presentaron cuestiones por las que, desde su personal preocupación intelectual, se consideraban interpelados. Entre ellas destacamos las siguientes: • ¿Cuál es la importancia de la teoría de la educación en el momento actual? • ¿Existen las ciencias de la educación? • ¿Cómo integrar lo filosófico y lo pedagógico en el pensamiento educativo? • ¿En qué consiste elaborar una teoría de la educación cívica? • ¿Condiciones o características que debe tener un problema para considerarlo problema educativo del que se encargue la teoría de la educación? • ¿Por qué los seres humanos necesitan cultura para vivir? • ¿Por qué la cultura necesita ser acreditada en las comunidades de prácticas? • ¿Cómo se hace un malvado? • ¿Qué puede aportar la teoría de la educación a la construcción de una cultura sostenible? • ¿Cuáles han sido las principales corrientes internacionales de la teoría de la educación? • ¿Qué diferencia hay entre lo que hace un maestro y un músico cuando intentan enseñar música? • ¿Dónde está la cualidad educativa del trabajo de un profesor? • ¿Cómo cambia la concepción de aprendizaje en una cultura digital? • ¿Qué teoría de la educación y visión de ser humano para qué desarrollo? • ¿Hay una teoría de la educación para la educación no formal? • ¿Cuál es la teoría educativa que explica los procesos en los ámbitos no escolarizados? • ¿A quién le sirve la teoría educativa, al docente o al estudiante? • ¿Cuándo el formador de formadores está preparado para un cambio de actitud? • ¿Tiene vigencia la estructura escolar tal y como la conocemos? • ¿Hacia dónde va la educación? • ¿Qué factores determinan los cambios educativos en la actualidad? • ¿Cuáles son los marcos explicativos sobre el fenómeno de la educación y cómo han evolucionado? • ¿Es el discurso teórico educativo objeto de discusión de todos? • ¿Cobertura o calidad de la educación? • ¿Calidad u oportunidad educativa? Desde este listado de numerosas preguntas se discutieron afinidades y se decidieron 9 temas sobre los que centrar el texto: el primero de ellos gira en torno a los fundamentos y al desarrollo del pensamiento en educación; el segundo se centra en los aspectos antropológicos implicados en una teoría de la educación; el tercer capítulo versa sobre la construcción histórica y el reto actual de la teoría de la educación. Por su parte, el capítulo cuarto cifra su reflexión en el discurso teórico de la educación ambiental, centrándose el capítulo quinto en la teoría de la educación contextualizada en la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento. El capítulo sexto hunde sus raíces en la problemática que gira en torno a la gestión del cambio y la innovación en educación; la especificidad de la función docente y las relaciones entre conocimientos temáticos y conocimientos pedagógicos es la temática que da cuerpo al capítulo sétimo, siendo el capítulo ocho fruto de diversas reflexiones e investigaciones en torno a los conceptos de inclusión y exclusión teniendo el derecho humano a la educación como hilo conductor. Termina el libro con un capítulo dedicado a la complejidad de los conceptos de cobertura, calidad y equidad en educación. El objetivo del libro ha sido el de re-crear un conocimiento en teoría de la educación, fruto de las investigaciones y experiencias propias de cada uno de los miembros del equipo en nuestros respectivos campos y grupos de trabajo, para así comenzar a construir un conocimiento compartido con posibilidad de transferencia. El fruto final que presentamos, base de todo el proceso que queda por desarrollar, son las diferentes respuestas a una batería de preguntas que hanservido de antesala, no sólo al primer libro que hemos hecho conjuntamente sino, sobre todo, a lo que será la futura transferencia de conocimiento por parte de este grupo de investigación. Sólo nos queda agradecer a la AECID el apoyo prestado sin el cual este texto y sus futuros lectores nunca se hubieran conocido. (shrink)

The Yijing has been used as a book of divination for more than three thousand years in China and still is by some people today. In this book the wisdom of leadership within the framework of the Yijing is used to indicate how a leader should act in different situations, be they good or bad. Critical analysis of the 64 hexagrams, the first of its kind, comes across with lucid explanations of the hexagram statements. Reinterpreted in a logical and scientific (...) manner, this Chinese classic provides modern leaders with food for thought. (shrink)

“Una sociedad emancipada no sería un estado de uniformidad, sino la realización de lo general en la conciliación de las diferencias. La política, que ha de tomarse esto bien en serio, no debería por eso propagar la igualdad abstracta de los hombres ni siquiera como idea. En lugar de ello debería señalar la mala igualdad existente hoy, la identidad de los interesados en las filmaciones y en los armamentos, pero concibiendo la mejor situación como aquella en la que se pueda (...) ser diferente sin temor”. Th. W. Adorno. (shrink)

“Una sociedad emancipada no sería un estado de uniformidad, sino la realización de lo general en la conciliación de las diferencias. La política, que ha de tomarse esto bien en serio, no debería por eso propagar la igualdad abstracta de los hombres ni siquiera como idea. En lugar de ello debería señalar la mala igualdad existente hoy, la identidad de los interesados en las filmaciones y en los armamentos, pero concibiendo la mejor situación como aquella en la que se pueda (...) ser diferente sin temor”. Th. W. Adorno. (shrink)

In an effort to bolster employee creativity, companies like Google and Groupon have adopted indoor work spaces that incorporate slides, swings, and unconventional design. While it may be costly and time-consuming to change certain aspects of a firm's work environment to aid creativity and brainstorming, it is relatively easy for managers to encourage employees to engage in certain forms of unstructured recreation immediately prior to creative-based tasks for a new product development. This research addresses an important oversight in the literature (...) by exploring the effect of cognitive game playing and goal orientation on subsequent new product development creativity. It was found that a cognitive game that engenders a greater degree of fun results in greater creativity on a subsequent new product development task, compared with both a cognitive-based game that engenders less fun and a control group. Furthermore, it was found that, for a cognitive-based game that engenders a high degree of fun, individuals who are primed with a process goal orientation are more likely to be creative on a subsequent new product development task than those who are primed with an outcome goal orientation. (shrink)

In'gan kwa sin, kŭrigo chonggyo -- Chonggyo ran muŏt in'ga (1985) -- Chabi ŭi yullihak (1990) -- Silchonjŏk sont'aek kwa sahoejŏk kyubŏm -- In'gan kwa insaeng e kwanhan sŏngch'al.

The term ‘publicness’ is a keyword to explain the creation of a people in the history of modern education in Korea in which the relationship between the ruled and the ruling power rapidly changed from the perspective of continuity and discontinuity. In Korea, the term has been commonly used in three different contexts, and its meanings have changed since the 1894 Gabo Reform, the first reform for the modernization of Korea. Even when the ruling power changed in 1910 with Japanese (...) colonialism, the ruling class took the meaning of publicness as a governing institution, which had a very weak sense of publicness as an ethical principle of fairness or as public benefit and opinion. In contrast, the resisting power, which was fully established throughout the colonial era from 1910 to 1945, lacked the sense of publicness as a ruling institution, but embraced the two other concepts of publicness. This historical experience of the competing concepts of publicness materialized into the creation of a modern people through law and education even in the post-colonial period of modern Korea. Generally speaking though, the creation of a modern people in Korea has been strongly affected by the concept of publicness as a ruling institution through a nationalist education. (shrink)

Empirical studies show that though there is more room for improvement, much progress has been made toward gender equality since the second wave of feminism. Evidence also suggests that women’s advancements have been more dramatic in the public sphere of work and politics than in the private sphere of family life. We argue that this lopsided gender progress may be traced to uneven changes in gender attitudes. Using data from more than 27,000 respondents who participated in the General Social Survey (...) from 1977 through 2016, we show that gender attitudes have more than one underlying dimension and that these dimensions have changed at different rates over time. Using latent class analysis, we find that the distribution of respondents’ attitudes toward gender equality has changed over the past 40 years. There has been an increase in the number of egalitarians who support equality in public and private spheres, while the traditionals who historically opposed equality in both domains have been replaced by ambivalents who feel differently about gender equality in the public and private spheres. Meanwhile, successive birth cohorts are becoming more egalitarian, with Generation-Xers and Millennials being the most likely to hold strong egalitarian views. The feminist revolution has succeeded in promoting egalitarian views and decreasing the influence of gender traditionalism, but has yet to convince a substantial minority that gender equality should extend to both public and private spheres of social life. (shrink)

Although legal terms are conventionally considered to have self-referential, self-closed meaning independent of context, a legal term only acquires its meaning within a given context. As long as the context varies, the meaning of the same legal term as a signifier may change correspondingly. Based on case studies by applying semiotics, we argue that a legal term is just a sign within its sign system; a legal term as an individual sign does not have any inherent meaning, and its meaning (...) can only exist in the relationship with other signs or sign systems. In other words, a legal term only denotes in a particular temporal and spatial context. Through this study, we conclude four propositions about a legal term as a sign: first, the connection of a legal term with a legal concept is relatively arbitrary; second, the meaning of a legal term exists in a sign system; third, a legal term can be subject to multiple interpretations; fourth, the defining of a legal term may be affected by other sign systems. (shrink)

The last millennium saw rapid change, spreading globalization, and shifting populations. These have posed moral, ethical, and social dilemmas that have challenged the very foundations of our beliefs and radically changed our way of life. In this volume, some of the world's greatest thinkers in philosophy, music, religion, and the arts share their insights on the future shape of human civilization. How can old cultural legacies fit new contexts? Can there be a universalist values coexist with local differentiation? Are literature (...) and music still relevant in a world where technology is dominant? By discussing these important issues in an interdisciplinary framework, these scholars have provided a provisional blueprint for our new society. (shrink)

"Sikhism has a rich legacy of interfaith dialogue however, general survey of Sikh literature shows that intensive studies on interfaith dialogue are very few. In fact, Sikhism has been ignored in the studies of religion. Now the situation is changing, people from different traditions are eager to know about others. Moreover, in contemporary thought thinkers are recognizing the multiplicity of the truth. The scholars from different traditions are trying to reinterpret the religious thoughts for current needs of society. Besides, in (...) present world, it is not imaginable for any faith tradition to claim that they have only real or original spirit. Now it is not possible for one religion to stay alive in sealed structure. In this emerging pluralistic world human beings are attaining knowledge from different faiths and testing various means for their peace of mind. People are becoming passionate to learn more and more about the religion. In addition to this, present world conditions necessitate for interfaith dialogue, for this flexible pluralistic approach is becoming a need of the day, because pluralistic perspective recognizes multifarious views for the truth. This work is an attempt to understand the theory of interfaith dialogue and its significance in general and inclusively the new mystical experience from Sikhism. In the wider context this book deals with the interfaith perspectives of Sikhism and its relevance to the contemporary world. It is an academic work based on Sikh scripture which examines the current issues of interfaith studies. The work has five main chapters. A brief description of important concepts of Sikhism and its institutions is given in an appendix which is useful to non-Sikh readers.". (shrink)

This study investigated how Paul’s Jewish background, including some elements of pre-rabbinical Jewish literature, influenced the letter to the Galatians with regard to the concept of adoption (υἱοθεσία) (Gl 4:1–7). As Paul was writing to a Gentile audience, wanting to persuade them to return to the true gospel, metaphors of adoption, embedded in the understanding of the Graeco-Roman household, became effective communication bridges to reach his audience. Within this framework, Israel’s God was depicted as the caring father of the household, (...) who through his son Jesus Christ redeems all human beings from the status of slaves to that of children with full rights of inheritance. Contribution: God’s redemption is not merely a forensic sense of justification but also the imagery of relationship in the household by which God does not merely set one free from sin by securing us through Jesus Christ into the society of the righteous, but also adopts us into his family. (shrink)

Resumen: El corpus, siendo una herramienta eficaz, se está empleando en múltiples ámbitos, entre los que se encuentran los estudios de traducción. Sin embargo, dicho recurso no se utiliza con mucha frecuencia en las investigaciones traductológicas cuando una de las lenguas en cuestión es chino clásico (la lengua escrita empleada antiguamente en China), y autores que sí hacen estas investigaciones suelen no mencionar los pasos a seguir cuando se trata un corpus paralelo ad hoc. El objetivo del presente artículo es (...) presentar cómo se elabora un corpus paralelo chino clásico-español tomando como ejemplo la novela histórica Romance de los Tres Reinos y sus traducciones al español. Para ello, hemos descrito la problemática de creación y explotación de este tipo de corpus, siguiendo el orden de las fases del proceso. Resulta que algunas fases del proceso son universales, mientras que otras son propias de lenguas clásicas y de la combinación lingüística chino-otra lengua, en cuyo caso sí faltan aplicaciones eficaces. Con el trabajo, esperamos deparar información a los estudiosos que quieran realizar y profundizar las investigaciones basadas en corpus paralelo y en las obras clásicas de China. Abstract: The corpus, being an effective tool, is utilized in multiple fields. One of them is the Translation. However, this resource isn´t used frequently in translation studies when one of the languages in question is classical chinese (written language used anciently in China). And when it comes to an ad hoc parallel corpus, the steps of how to create it are usually omitted by researchers who make such investigations. The objective of this article is to present how to elaborate a classic Chinese-Spanish parallel corpus taking as example the historic novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and its two translations into Spanish. To reach the objective, we have described the problem of creation and exploitation of this type of corpus, following the order of the phases of the process. We’ve found that some of the phases are universal while other phases are unique for old languages and for the linguistic combination Chinese-other language. And in this latter case, there’s a lack of effective applications. With the current work, we hope to offer useful information to those scholars who are willing to carry out their own investigations based on self-built parallel corpus and at the same time related to the classic Chinese works. (shrink)

Resumen: El corpus, siendo una herramienta eficaz, se está empleando en múltiples ámbitos, entre los que se encuentran los estudios de traducción. Sin embargo, dicho recurso no se utiliza con mucha frecuencia en las investigaciones traductológicas cuando una de las lenguas en cuestión es chino clásico (la lengua escrita empleada antiguamente en China), y autores que sí hacen estas investigaciones suelen no mencionar los pasos a seguir cuando se trata un corpus paralelo ad hoc. El objetivo del presente artículo es (...) presentar cómo se elabora un corpus paralelo chino clásico-español tomando como ejemplo la novela histórica Romance de los Tres Reinos y sus traducciones al español. Para ello, hemos descrito la problemática de creación y explotación de este tipo de corpus, siguiendo el orden de las fases del proceso. Resulta que algunas fases del proceso son universales, mientras que otras son propias de lenguas clásicas y de la combinación lingüística chino-otra lengua, en cuyo caso sí faltan aplicaciones eficaces. Con el trabajo, esperamos deparar información a los estudiosos que quieran realizar y profundizar las investigaciones basadas en corpus paralelo y en las obras clásicas de China. Abstract: The corpus, being an effective tool, is utilized in multiple fields. One of them is the Translation. However, this resource isn´t used frequently in translation studies when one of the languages in question is classical chinese (written language used anciently in China). And when it comes to an ad hoc parallel corpus, the steps of how to create it are usually omitted by researchers who make such investigations. The objective of this article is to present how to elaborate a classic Chinese-Spanish parallel corpus taking as example the historic novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and its two translations into Spanish. To reach the objective, we have described the problem of creation and exploitation of this type of corpus, following the order of the phases of the process. We’ve found that some of the phases are universal while other phases are unique for old languages and for the linguistic combination Chinese-other language. And in this latter case, there’s a lack of effective applications. With the current work, we hope to offer useful information to those scholars who are willing to carry out their own investigations based on self-built parallel corpus and at the same time related to the classic Chinese works. (shrink)

Aberrations and variations within kinds of creatures required explanation to Western medievals, who took the Genesis creation narratives together with Aristotelian species to imply that change was limited to within species; consequently, species were presumed static. Medieval philosophers often explained variation—including “new” kinds like mules—as due to problems in procreation/gestation (following Aristotle) or by sin. I argue that Aquinas's explanation of variation in women, people with disabilities, and mules suggests that Aquinas cannot be taken to entirely reject the possibility of (...) new kinds, and parallels in his explanation of the existence of women and the possible existence of new kinds provides warrant for a re‐evaluation of his understanding of the notion of the natures or essences shared by kinds. Sin—individual or original—is an inadequate explanation for variation, and the argumentative parallels between Aquinas's treatment of women and mules challenge presumptions about what medievals mean by “static kinds” at all, revealing space for evolutionary thought. (shrink)

What is sin? Is it simply wrongdoing? Why do its effects linger over time? In this sensitive, imaginative, and original work, Gary Anderson shows how changing conceptions of sin and forgiveness lay at the very heart of the biblical tradition. Spanning nearly two thousand years, the book brilliantly demonstrates how sin, once conceived of as a physical burden, becomes, over time, eclipsed by economic metaphors. Transformed from a weight that an individual carried, sin becomes a debt that must be repaid (...) in order to be redeemed in God's eyes. Anderson shows how this ancient Jewish revolution in thought shaped the way the Christian church understood the death and resurrection of Jesus and eventually led to the development of various penitential disciplines, deeds of charity, and even papal indulgences. In so doing it reveals how these changing notions of sin provided a spur for the Protestant Reformation. Broad in scope while still exceptionally attentive to detail, this ambitious and profound book unveils one of the most seismic shifts that occurred in religious belief and practice, deepening our understanding of one of the most fundamental aspects of human experience. (shrink)

The New Testament, while rejecting any superficial connection between illness and sin, does not reject a possible connection between illness and a person's relationship with God. An example can be seen in the story of the young blind man who was healed. His blindness does not result from any fault he or his parents had committed but apparently from God's wish to reveal his own healing power. The inner blindness of the Pharisees is a different type of blindness far more (...) difficult to heal. The blind young man was actually healed, not only in body but also in soul. Such miraculous healings are rare nowadays. However, if one takes a closer look at modern genetics and psycho-neuro-immunological findings, one may come to a better understanding of how miracle healings are linked to man's inner life and therefore also to his religiousness. Many diseases have genetic backgrounds. Defective genes, however, do not necessarily lead to subsequent illness. Genes have to be switched on or off. Only activated genes trigger pathological change. The human brain and all of man's thinking and feeling are intimately connected with such activations. We may thus conclude that both inner life and religious outlook on life are relevant to the origin and development of diseases. (shrink)

A law, say, prohibits homosexual conduct or punishes the prostitute for plying her trade. According to some it is a bad law, according to others a necessary one. Those who argue that it is a bad law do so on a variety of grounds—that it is sheer folly to try to change human nature by law, that such legislation can only be effective at the price of the right to privacy, that the punishment of acts arising from compelling desires is (...) cruel and excessive, that the law has no business meddling in what people do to others with their consent. Those who argue that it is a necessary law do so on one ground, that the act in question is immoral, and that what is wrong must be punished, lest the law itself fall into disrepute by failing to carry out a consistent campaign against wrong-doing. (shrink)

Imposing “sin” taxes has been the preferred way governments tried to discourage the over-consumption of temptation goods for decades. However numerous evidence shows that consumers exhibit behavioral biases which can affect their reaction to taxes. This paper investigates a potential bias and how it affects demand for temptation: financial worries associated with poverty have been shown to shift attention towards pressing needs, often at the expense of forward-looking decisions. In an online experiment with UK participants, we randomly induce financial worries (...) and ask participants to allocate a budget between basic necessities and temptation goods in an experimental market. We randomly impose “taxes” on temptation by increasing its price. We find that, in the absence of any tax, inducing financial worries lowers demand for temptation, effect stronger for lower-income participants. However, when financial concerns are salient, increasing the tax does not lower demand among lower-income participants. While financial worries might protect against over-consumption of temptation in the absence of tax changes, they also might hurt the poor the most when additional taxes are introduced. (shrink)

Philip R. Shields shows that ethical and religious concerns inform even the most technical writings on logic and language, and that, for Wittgenstein, the need to establish clear limitations is both a logical and an ethical demand. Rather than merely saying specific things about theology and religion, major texts from the Tractatus to the Philosophical Investigations express their fundamentally religious nature by showing that there are powers which bear down upon and sustain us. Shields finds a religious view of the (...) world at the very heart of Wittgenstein's philosophy. "Shields argues that the appearance throughout Wittgenstein's writings of such concepts as ritual, limit, transgression, a change of will, pride, temptation, and judgment implies a relation between religion and the logical aspects of Wittgenstein's philosophy."-- Choice "Of the many recent books about Wittgenstein, Logic and Sin is one of the very few that are well worth having"--Fergus Kerr, Modern Theology "What Shields has uncovered in Wittgenstein's religious sensibility is something genuine and profound. . . . Shields has not just written an important book on Wittgenstein but an enlightening work that invites further reflection."--Eric O. Springsted, Cross Currents. (shrink)

Grasping. Avarice. Covetousness. Miserliness. Insatiable cupidity. Overreaching ambition. Desire spun out of control. The deadly sin of Greed goes by many names, appears in many guises, and wreaks havoc on individuals and nations alike. In this lively and generous book, Phyllis A. Tickle argues that Greed is "the Matriarch of the Deadly Clan," the ultimate source of Pride, Envy, Sloth, Gluttony, Lust, and Anger. She shows that the major faiths, from Hinduism and Taoism to Buddhism and Christianity regard Greed as (...) the greatest calamity humans can indulge in, engendering further sins and eviscerating all virtues. As the Sikh holy book Adi Granth asks: "Where there is greed, what love can there be?" Tickle takes a long view of Greed, from St. Paul to the present, focusing particularly on changing imaginative representations of Greed in Western literature and art. Looking at such works as the Psychomachia, or "Soul Battle" of the fifth-century poet Aurelius Clemens Prudentius, the paintings of Peter Bruegel and Hieronymous Bosch, the 1987 film Wall Street, and the contemporary Italian artist Mario Donizetti, Tickle shows how our perceptions have evolved from the medieval understanding of Greed as a spiritual enemy to a nineteenth-century sociological construct to an early twentieth-century psychological deficiency, and finally to a new view, powerfully articulated in Donizetti's mystical paintings, of Greed as both tragic and beautiful. Engaging, witty, brilliantly insightful, Greed explores the full range of this deadly sin's subtle, chameleon-like qualities, and the enormous destructive power it wields, evidenced all too clearly in the world today. (shrink)

One major question in climate justice is whether developed countries’ historical emissions are relevant to distributing the burdens of mitigating climate change. To argue that developed countries should bear a greater share of the burdens of mitigation because of their past emissions is to advocate ‘historical accountability.’ Standard arguments for historical accountability rely on corrective justice. These arguments face important objections. By using the notion of a global emissions budget, however, we can reframe the debate over historical accountability in terms (...) of distributive justice. This paper argues that, given two defensible assumptions, distributive justice requires historical accountability. These assumptions are that the proper claimants on the emissions budgets are societies or states, not individuals, and that we should be allocating the entirety of the original, pre-industrial budget, rather than just the remainder. (shrink)

In Quodlibet XV q.13, Henry of Ghent considers whether the Virgin Mary was immaculately conceived. He argues that she was not, but rather possessed sin only at the first instant of her existence. Because Henry’s defense of this position involves an elaborate discussion of motion and mutation, his discussion marks an important contribution to medieval discussions of Aristotelian natural philosophy. In fact, a number of scholars have identified Henry’s discussion as the source of an unusual fourteenth-century theory of change referred (...) to as “quasi-Aristotelianism” . My aim in the paper is two-fold: first, to show that Henry's position is not quasi-Aristotelian in the sense that scholars have supposed; second, to show that, even so, his discussion in q. 13 does involve a novel interpretation of Aristotle’s account of instantaneous change. (shrink)

Part of a series of highly entertaining books on the history of sinning. Eating too much is one of the Western world's greatest problems, but relatively few people would consider it a crime against God. Yet even as gluttony has ceased to be an evil, food and dieting have become a cultural obsessions, with millions of pounds expended on mortifying the flesh with punishing diet and exercise regimes. This brief history of gluttony traces the changing cultural attitudes towards food and (...) pleasure, scarcity and abundance. It reveals how notions of saintliness and purity have helped form modern views of enjoyment, self-mortification, and ultimately nutrition. Restaurant-goers and readers of gourmet magazines rationalize their pursuit of too much food in many ways, but does a slight tinge of guilt makes your meal taste that much better? This book provides the answer, thoroughly exploring humankind's attempts to quell its chief survival strategy - eating. (shrink)

It is a commonplace that Rousseau, with his theory of the natural goodness of human beings, rejected the doctrine of original sin. As is often the case with commonplaces, the truth contained therein stands in need of investigation. This paper will seek to show that Rousseau's dissatisfaction with the dogma stemmed more from its lack of explanatory power, than from any supposed contradiction with the theory of natural goodness. Further, this rejection is part of a larger rejection of the supernatural (...) telos of human beings. Finally, the alternative that Rousseau proposes for the sin of Adam is a "fatal accident." Rousseau attempts to tell the story of this accident in such a way that the narrative itself will change the course of events that have followed upon the accident. /// Hoje é um lugar comum afirmar que Rousseau, graças à sua teoria acerca da bondade natural dos seres humanos, rejeitou a doutrina do pecado original. A verdade contida em lugares-comuns, contudo, necessita de ser investigada. Objectivo do presente artigo é mostrar até que ponto a insatisfaçāo de Rousseau com o dogma acerca do pecado original provinha mais da suafalta de poder explicativo do que de uma suposta contradição com a teoria da bondade natural dos seres humanos. Além disso, mostra também até que ponto essa rejeição em Rousseau fazparte de uma rejeigdo muito mais ampla na medida em que alargada à afirmação de todo e qualquer telos sobrenatural para os seres humanos. Mostra-se ainda, finalmente, até que ponto a alternativa proposta por Rousseau transforma o pecado de Adão num. "acidente fatal" e como Rousseau tenta narrar a história deste acidente de tal forma que a própria narrativa se revela com a pretensão de por si mesma alterar o percurso dos acontecimentos que se seguiu a esse acidente. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Changing Human Nature: Ecology, Ethics, Genes, and God by James C. PetersonDolores L. ChristieChanging Human Nature: Ecology, Ethics, Genes, and God James C. Peterson Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2010. 259 pp. $18.00Grounding himself in the Christian tradition, James Peterson argues for the moral efficacy of human genetic manipulation. Interpreting intentional intervention as part of human stewardship rather than as a wrongful interference with some divine plan, he takes (...) on the sticky questions, making critical distinctions, for example, between cure and enhancement or welcoming children as they come and making them “better.” Not neglecting future implications of current tinkering with human biology, even in such taboo areas as gamete selection, he contends that engineering a baby free of harmful genes (for example, Tay-Sachs or Down syndrome) not only makes that person better, but it also eliminates an ongoing burden to family, to society, and perhaps to future generations. Treading gingerly among the sacred cows of some Christian ethicists, he advocates the implanting of selected embryos free of unwanted genes; in his view, embryos are not yet persons.Peterson considers serious concerns such as eugenics projects and racial bias but offers standards to address them. He contends that intentionally increasing choices for our children is not only acceptable but also praiseworthy. What parents would not optimize the educational and social opportunities for their child, even without the child’s consent? Interventions should be safe, offer genuine improvement, increase the recipient’s capacity, and make the best use of limited resources. Peterson is not so naive that he does not recognize that technology does not always make us better. He recognizes, too, that his standards do not eliminate risk.Fair enough, but the issue of what “improvement” may mean to the individual as well as to the greater community remains somewhat ambiguous. Peterson suggests that broadening the decision making among a variety of professional and individual cohorts would help, but his argument is not totally persuasive. In sum, Peterson’s treatment falls short of offering a totally satisfying standard for determining which characteristics should be manipulated and which should be accepted. Nor does he demonstrate definitively how a [End Page 187] Christian perspective would contribute to sorting out possible choices. Does the deaf parents’ desire for their child to be deaf like them constitute an instance where intervention should not be attempted? Can the disparate cohorts he suggests as arbiters rise above their own biases? Does Christianity and its belief system offer answers? Readers—even readers who call themselves Christian—will likely be persuaded that genetic intervention is a good, and even compatible with their religious perspective. Nonetheless, they will harbor lingering doubts about how the questions can best be solved, who should solve them, and how Christian belief helps sort among the possibilities. In his closing comments Peterson appears to agree.The book is rich in research and in provocative ideas. It is an exciting book. It is a readable and enlightened contribution to the professional conversation on gene therapy. Peterson’s research is extensive, his argumentation balanced. His attempt to locate the question within the Christian tradition is laudable. Happily, Peterson eschews a creationist approach to world and human origins. Unhappily, his approach to the scriptural text is not always nuanced. His assertion that Jesus himself was different biologically from other human beings (132) seems a stretch. If one takes the passages of Jesus’s biological origins literally, as apparently does the author, what happens to the assertion that Jesus is like other human beings “in all things but sin”? And where did Jesus get the Y chromosomes? While he persuades the reader that genetic intervention is compatible with a Christian worldview, Peterson does not offer—at least in this reviewer’s view—an adequate criterion for navigating this new world of the possible.Dolores L. ChristieJohn Carroll UniversityCopyright © 2013 Society of Christian Ethics... (shrink)

Intriguing, and occasionally unsettling, In Defense of Sin is a refreshingly frank exploration of some real facts of life. Portmann gathers an on-target collection of great writers on transgressions large and small. Read about defenses for promiscuity, greed, deceit, gossip, lust, breaking the golden rule, and more--and use this unusual guide to decide for yourself if sin has a place in our contemporary, and virtually unshockable, society. Provocative and illuminating, this book may change how you think about sin, morality, and (...) what's right. Contributors include Aaron Ben-Ze'ev, Anthony Ellis, Jane English, Ludwig Feuerbach, Sigmund Freud, Bernard Mandeville, Jerome Neu, Friedrich Nietzsche, David Novitz, Joyce Carol Oates, David A.J. Richards, Seneca, Jonathan Swift, Richard Wasserstrom, and Oscar Wilde. (shrink)

In Quodlibet XV q.13, Henry of Ghent considers whether the Virgin Mary was immaculately conceived. He argues that she was not, but rather possessed sin only at the first instant of her existence. Because Henry’s defense of this position involves an elaborate discussion of motion and mutation, his discussion marks an important contribution to medieval discussions of Aristotelian natural philosophy. In fact, a number of scholars have identified Henry’s discussion as the source of an unusual fourteenth-century theory of change referred (...) to as “quasi-Aristotelianism” (so-called because the account purports to be Aristotelian but is not). My aim in the paper is two-fold: first, to show that Henry's position is not quasi-Aristotelian in the sense that scholars have supposed; second, to show that, even so, his discussion in q. 13 does involve a novel interpretation of Aristotle’s account of instantaneous change. (shrink)

The aims of this paper are threefold. The first aim is to provide a critique of the reform proposal of the Harvard School of Public Health for Hong Kong's health care system through privatization of the public sector services. The second aim is to argue for the duty of society to guarantee every member equal access to a basic level of health care based on the values of equity, care and free choice. The third aim is to explore some suggestions (...) about delivery structures and financial arrangements of a dual sector health care system which will better enable society to provide a basic level of health care that is sustainable and affordable, while being at the same time consistent with the values of care, equity and free choice. (shrink)

Richard Nisbett's The Geography of Thought is one of several recent works that have highlighted purported differences in thinking patterns between East Asians and Westerners on the basis of empirical research. This has implications for teaching and for other issues such as cultural integration. Based on a framework consisting of three distinct notions of rationality, this paper argues that some of the differences alleged by Nisbett are either not real or exaggerated, and that his geography of thought fails to provide (...) an adequate account of thinking styles across cultures. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for teaching and learning critical thinking that can be drawn from the framework developed. (shrink)

Las entradas principales incluyen una bibliografía esencial absolutamente actualizada. La obra incorpora un completo índice de materias con referencias a las voces del diccionario en las que se trata cada tema en cuestión, lo que permite una perfecta interrelación de temas y autores.